New Insights on Gene Activity and Addiction – Neuroscience News

Summary: Study sheds new light on the role dopamine plays in addiction and gene activity in neurons.

Source: North Carolina State University

Researchers at North Carolina State University have demonstrated that neuron-like cells derived from human stem cells can serve as a model for studying changes in the nervous system associated with addiction.

The work sheds light on the effect of dopamine on gene activity in neurons, and offers a blueprint for related research moving forward.

It is extremely difficult to study how addiction changes the brain at acellular levelin humansnobody wants to experiment on somebodys brain, says Albert Keung, corresponding author of the study and an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at NC State.

What weve done here demonstrates that we can gain a deep understanding of those cellular responses using neuron-like cells derived fromhuman stem cells.

At issue is how cells in ournervous systemrespond to drugs that are associated with substance abuse and addiction. Our bodies produce a neurotransmitter calleddopamine. Its associated with feelings, such as pleasure, that are related to motivation and reward.

When neuronal cells in the brains reward pathway are exposed to dopamine, the cells activate a specific suite of genes, triggering the feelings of reward that can make people feel good. Many drugsfrom alcohol and nicotine to opioids and cocainecause the body to produce higher levels of dopamine.

In experiments using rodents, researchers have shown that when relevant neuronal cells are exposed to high levels of dopamine for an extended period of time, they become desensitizedmeaning the cells gene activation is less pronounced in response to the dopamine, Keung says.

This is called gene desensitization. However, until now, it hasnt been possible to do an experimental study using human neuronal cells.

Our work here is the first experimental study to demonstrate gene desensitization in humanneuronal cells, specifically in response to dopamine, says Ryan Tam, first author of the study and a Ph.D. student at NC State. We dont have to infer that it is happening inhuman cells; we can show that it is happening in human cells.

In their study, Tam and Keung exposed neuron-like cells derived from human stem cells to varying levels of dopamine for varying periods of time. The researchers found that when cells were exposed to high levels of dopamine for an extended period of time, the relevant reward genes became significantly less responsive.

This is an interesting finding, but its also a proof of concept study, Tam says. Weve demonstrated that gene desensitization to dopamine occurs in human cells, but there is still a lot we dont know about the nature of the relationship between dopamine and gene desensitization.

For example, could higher levels of dopamine cause desensitization at shorter time scales? Or could lower levels of dopamine cause desensitization at longer time scales? Are there threshold levels, or is there some sort of linear relationship? How might the presence of other neurotransmitters or bioactive chemicals affect these responses?

Those are good questions, which future research could address, says Keung. And weve demonstrated that these neuron-like cells derived from human stem cells are a good model for conducting that research.

Author: Matt Shipman Source: North Carolina State University Contact: Matt Shipman North Carolina State University Image: The image is credited to Ryan Tam, NC State University

Original Research: Open access. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Medium Spiny Neuron-like Cells Exhibit Gene Desensitization by Ryan W. Tam et al. Cells

AbstractHuman Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Medium Spiny Neuron-like Cells Exhibit Gene Desensitization

Gene desensitization in response to a repeated stimulus is a complex phenotype important across homeostatic and disease processes, including addiction, learning, and memory.

These complex phenotypes are being characterized and connected to important physiologically relevant functions in rodent systems but are difficult to capture in human models where even acute responses to important neurotransmitters are understudied.

Here through transcriptomic analysis, we map the dynamic responses of human stem cell-derived medium spiny neuron-like cells (hMSN-like cells) to dopamine.

Furthermore, we show that these human neurons can reflect and capture cellular desensitization to chronic versus acute administration of dopamine. These human cells are further able to capture complex receptor crosstalk in response to the pharmacological perturbations of distinct dopamine receptor subtypes.

This study demonstrates the potential utility and remaining challenges of using human stem cell-derived neurons to capture and study the complex dynamic mechanisms of the brain.

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New Insights on Gene Activity and Addiction - Neuroscience News