In households across the country, children conceived with donated sperm are struggling with serious genetic conditions inherited from men they have never met: heart defects, spinal muscular atrophy, neurofibromatosis type 1 and fragile-X syndrome the most common form of mental retardation in boys and others.
Donated eggs pose a risk as well, but the threat of genetic harm from sperm donation is arguably much greater. Sperm donors are no more likely to carry genetic diseases than anybody else, but they can father a far greater number of children: 50, 100 or even 150, each a potential inheritor of flawed genes.
Sharine and Brian Kretchmar of Yukon, Okla., tried a number of medical treatments to conceive a second child.
After a depressing series of failures, they were advised by a doctor to find a sperm donor. For more than a year, the Kretchmars researched sperm banks and donors. The donor they chose was a family man, a Christian like them, they were told. Most important, he had a clean bill of health. So the Kretchmars jumped in. After artificial insemination, Sharine Kretchmar became pregnant, and in April 2010, she gave birth to a boy they named Jaxon.
But the baby failed to have a bowel movement in the first day or so after birth, a sign to doctors that something was wrong. Doctors returned with terrible news: Jaxon appeared to have cystic fibrosis.
"We were pretty much devastated," Sharine Kretchmar said.
Genetic testing showed that Jaxon did carry the genes for cystic fibrosis. Sharine Kretchmar, 33, had no idea she was a carrier and was shocked to discover that so, too, was the Kretchmars' donor.
His sperm, they would discover, was decades old, originally donated at a laboratory halfway across the country and frozen ever since. Whether it was properly tested is a matter of dispute.
Experience not unique
Sadly, the Kretchmars' experience is not unique.
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Given number of inheritors, donor sperm carries risk of genetic harm