Category Archives: Embryology

Genetics is a discipline of the Biological sciences that studies personal traits the human or living organism inherit from its ancestors through genes and Embryology studies the development of the fertilized embryo from the ovum to the fetus stage. Journal of Human Genetics and Embryology is a peer reviewed scientific journal known for rapid dissemination of high-quality research. This Human Genetics Journal with high impact factor offers an open access platform to the authors in academia and industry to publish their novel research in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. It serves the International Scientific Community with its standard research publications. This scholarly publishing is using Editorial Manager System for quality in the review process. Editorial Manager is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking system. Review process is performed by the editorial board members of Human Genetics & Embryology journal or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by the editor is required for the acceptance of any citable manuscript. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system, hopefully to publication. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions to the editor. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish … Continue reading →

From an embryologic point of view, hypospadias of the penis and scrotum arise from a closure disorder of the urethral groove (spongy part of the urethra) by the urethral folds or the genital swellings, going out from the urethral plate, which has an endodermal origin. The urethral groove closes in the posterior part through fusion of the genital swellings and anteriorly progressively through the closure of the urethral folds up to the glans. The urethra within the glans has an ectodermal origin. So hypospadia glandis can be traced back to a closure disorder of the epithelial lamella on the penile tip and can extend up to the navicular fossa. The cause for this disorder is multi-factorial: besides genetic factors the damaging effects of a hormone therapy with progesterone during the first month of pregnancy also plays a role. An altered synthesis of testosterone (or its derivative) and/or an anomaly of the receptors for this hormone can also be blamed. Under the most frequent abnormalities associated with a hypospadia are penile deviations, a stenosis of the urinary meatus and a deviation of the raphe mediana. Finally, a hypoplasia of the cavernous body, leading to a micropenis, is also not rare. Hormone … Continue reading →

This article is about Human embryogenesis. For Embryogenesis in general, see Embryogenesis. Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilisation occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (ovum). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences.[1] Embryogenesis covers the first eight weeks of development and at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The normal period of gestation (pregnancy) is nine months or 38 weeks. The germinal stage, refers to the time from fertilization, through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus. The germinal stage takes around 10 days.[2] During this stage, the zygote, which is defined as an embryo because it contains a full complement of genetic material, begins to divide, in a process called cleavage. A … Continue reading →

This article is about the development of embryos in animals. For the development of plant embryos, see Sporophyte. Embryology (from Greek , embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology is the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.[1] After cleavage, the dividing cells, or morula, becomes a hollow ball, or blastula, which develops a hole or pore at one end. In bilateral animals, the blastula develops in one of two ways that divides the whole animal kingdom into two halves (see: Embryological origins of the mouth and anus). If in the blastula the first pore (blastopore) becomes the mouth of the animal, it is a protostome; if the first pore becomes the anus then it is a deuterostome. The protostomes include most invertebrate animals, such as insects, worms and molluscs, while the deuterostomes include the vertebrates. In due course, the blastula changes into a more differentiated structure called the gastrula. The gastrula with its blastopore soon develops three distinct layers of cells (the germ layers) from which all the bodily organs and tissues then develop: Embryos in … Continue reading →

This article is about the embryonic cloaca in placental mammals. For other uses, see Cloaca. The cloaca is a structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. The hind-gut is at first prolonged backward into the body-stalk as the tube of the allantois; but, with the growth and flexure of the tail-end of the embryo, the body-stalk, with its contained allantoic tube, is carried forward to the ventral aspect of the body, and consequently a bend is formed at the junction of the hind-gut and allantois. This bend becomes dilated into a pouch, which constitutes the endodermal cloaca; into its dorsal part the hind-gut opens, and from its ventral part the allantois passes forward. At a later stage the Wolffian duct and Mllerian duct open into its ventral portion. The cloaca is, for a time, shut off from the anterior by a membrane, the cloacal membrane, formed by the apposition of the ectoderm and endoderm, and reaching, at first, as far forward as the future umbilicus. Behind the umbilicus, however, the mesoderm subsequently extends to form the lower part of the abdominal wall and pubic symphysis. By the growth of the surrounding tissues the cloacal membrane comes to … Continue reading →

Optic cup (embryology) Transverse section of head of chick embryo of forty-eight hours incubation. (Margin of optic cup labeled at upper right.) Optic cup and choroidal fissure seen from below, from a human embryo of about four weeks. (Edge of optic cup labeled at upper right.) During embryonic development of the eye, the outer wall of the bulb of the optic vesicles becomes thickened and invaginated, and the bulb is thus converted into a cup, the optic cup (or ophthalmic cup), consisting of two strata of cells. These two strata are continuous with each other at the cup margin, which ultimately overlaps the front of the lens and reaches as far forward as the future aperture of the pupil. The optic cup is part of the diencephalon and gives rise to the retina of the eye. This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) See more here: Optic cup (embryology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia … Continue reading →

Welcome to the Amphibian Embryology Tutorial! This tutorial is part of an ongoing project designed to implement multimedia and computer-based learning materials in the university undergraduate classroom. The materials presented here are NOT designed to replace either hard work outside of class wrestling with the dynamic nature of embryonic development, nor are they meant as a substitute for "wet lab" experience using a real microscope and real embryos. Instead, this tutorial is meant to supplement the presentation of standard videotape, laser video, digitized video and animation sequences in the traditional lecture period. A common comment in student evaluations is the wish for more opportunities to interact with the visual data presented in class in a more "hands-on" manner. This tutorial is designed as a beginning step in that process. For information about the development of this tutorial and to ask questions, click HERE. For a brief description of the control buttons and the features of QuickTime controllable movies, click HERE. Otherwise, use the buttons above (Forward/Back) to navigate through the tutorial. Have fun! More here: Welcome to the Amphibian Embryology Tutorial - The Hardin Lab … Continue reading →

Early Heart and Primitive Heart Tube Folding Animation of the fusion of two endocardial tubes into a single primitive heart tube. Detailed descriptions of the movement of the bulbis cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus. (approx. 2 minutes) Requires QuickTime plugin Overview of Heart Tube Folding and Early Heartbeat Brief summary of heart tube folding events, and demonstration of first heartbeats in the early heart. (approx. 20 seconds) Requires QuickTime plugin Interatrial Septum Development Detailed description of the formation of the interatrial septum, including formation of septum primum, septum secundum, and foramen ovale. (approx. 8 minutes) Requires QuickTime plugin Division of the Atrioventricular Canal Two animations describing how superior and inferior endocardial cushions divide the atrioventricular canal into left and right atrioventricular openings. The first animation depicts the anterior view of the heart. (approx. 3.5 minutes) The second animation shows a lateral view, seen from left side. (approx. 3 minutes) Requires QuickTime plugin Development of Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, and Interventricular Septum Animation first illustrates development of muscular ventricular septum, then shows how the truncus arteriosus is subdivided into an aorta and pulmonary trunk and illustrates the development of the membranous part of the ventricular septum. (approx. 6 minutes) … Continue reading →

The American College of Embryology (EMBCOL) transforms a diverse group of embryology practitioners into a uniformly trained group of professionals. EMBCOL is your organization and your voice. Please join our effort to advance the practice of reproductive embryology and establish standards for reproductive embryology care in the United States. ACE Board Members Committees Legal Council Advisory Board Alikani, Mina, Ph.D., EMB Allon, Michael,M.D., FACOG, REI Ball, David,Ph.D., EMB Cohen, Jacques,Ph.D., EMB De Jonge, Christopher,Ph.D., EMB Gardner, David,Ph.D., EMB Hughes, Mark,M.D., Ph.D. Keefe, David,M.D., FACOG, REI Palermo, Gianpiero,M.D., Ph.D., EMB Sakkas, Denny,Ph.D. Tucker, Michael,Ph.D., EMB Van Blerkom, Jonathan,Ph.D., EMB Vernon, Michael,Ph.D. Wiemer, Klaus,Ph.D., EMB Yanagimachi, Ryuzo,Ph.D. Zhang,John MD, Ph.D., EMB Read more here: Welcome to American College of Embryology | AMERICAN ... … Continue reading →

Resources for educators teaching embryology in the classroom. This Web site was developed to support the "Embryology In The Classroom" curriculum released in 2001. Educators will find it extremely helpful as a resource for teaching embryology in the classroom. Embryology: The Study of Life is designed to provide you with background information and exciting experiential activities dealing with life science for use in your classroom. Each activity is designed to be grade-level appropriate and has been correlated to the U.S. National Science Education Standards. Children have a natural sense of curiosity about living things in the world around them. Building on this curiosity, students can develop an understanding of biology concepts through direct experience with living things, their life cycles and their habitats. This curriculum was developed with your students in mind. Many believe that students learn best through their experiences and interactions with the world. They learn by listening, observing, experimenting and applying their knowledge to real-world situations. Each activity within this curriculum follows these steps in the experiential learning model. An additional goal of this curriculum is to help students develop life skills. Life skills are abilities that help an individual live a productive and satisfying life. Within … Continue reading →