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O cido desoxirribonucleico (ADN, em portugus: cido desoxirribonucleico; ou DNA, em ingls: deoxyribonucleic acid) um composto orgnico cujas molculas contm as instrues genticas que coordenam o desenvolvimento e funcionamento de todos os seres vivos e alguns vrus, e que transmitem as caractersticas hereditrias de cada ser vivo. O seu principal papel armazenar as informaes necessrias para a construo das protenas e ARNs. Os segmentos de ADN que contm a informao gentica so denominados genes. O restante da sequncia de ADN tem importncia estrutural ou est envolvido na regulao do uso da informao gentica.
A estrutura da molcula de ADN foi descoberta conjuntamente pelo norte-americano James Watson e pelo britnico Francis Crick em 7 de Maro de 1953, o que lhes valeu o Prmio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina em 1962, juntamente com Maurice Wilkins.
Do ponto de vista qumico, o ADN um longo polmero de unidades simples (monmeros) de nucleotdeos, cuja cadeia principal formada por molculas de acares e fosfato intercalados unidos por ligaes fosfodister. Ligada molcula de acar est uma de quatro bases nitrogenadas. A sequncia de bases ao longo da molcula de ADN constitui a informao gentica. A leitura destas sequncias feita atravs do cdigo gentico, que especifica a sequncia linear dos aminocidos das protenas. A traduo feita por um RNA mensageiro que copia parte da cadeia de ADN por um processo chamado transcrio e posteriormente a informao contida neste "traduzida" em protenas pela traduo. Embora a maioria do ARN produzido seja usado na sntese de protenas, algum ARN tem funo estrutural, como por exemplo o ARN ribossmico, que faz parte da constituio dos ribossomos.
Dentro da clula, o ADN pode ser observado numa estrutura chamada cromossoma durante a metfase. O conjunto de cromossomas de uma clula forma o caritipo. Antes da diviso celular os cromossomas so duplicados atravs de um processo chamado replicao. Eucariontes como animais, plantas, fungos e protozorios tm o seu ADN dentro do ncleo enquanto que procariontes como as bactrias o tm disperso no citoplasma. Dentro dos cromossomas, protenas da cromatina como as histonas compactam e organizam o ADN. Estas estruturas compactas guiam as interaces entre o ADN e outras protenas, ajudando a controlar que partes do ADN so transcritas.
O ADN um longo polmero formado por unidades repetidas chamadas nucleotdeos.[1][2] A cadeia de ADN tem 2,2 a 2,4 nanmetros de largura, e um nucleotdeo possui aproximadamente 0,33 nanmetros de comprimento.[3] Embora os monmeros (nucleotdeos) que constituem o ADN sejam muito pequenos, os polmeros de ADN podem ser molculas enormes, com milhes de nucleotdeos. Por exemplo, o maior cromossomo humano (cromossomo 1), possui 220 milhes de pares de bases de comprimento.[4] Uma molcula de ADN do ser humano possui aproximadamente dois metros de comprimento, encapsulada em um ncleo celular de 6 m, o equivalente a acomodar uma linha de 40 km de comprimento em uma bola de tnis.[1]
Em organismos vivos, o ADN no existe como uma molcula nica (cadeia simples), mas sim como um par de molculas firmemente associadas.[5][6] As duas longas cadeias de ADN enrolam-se como uma trepadeira formando uma dupla hlice. Os nucleotdeos esto presentes em ambas as cadeias da dupla hlice, unidos com nucletidos da mesma cadeia por ligaes fosfodister e cadeia complementar atravs de pontes de hidrognio formadas pelas suas bases. Em geral, uma base ligada a um acar chamada nucleosdeo e uma base ligada a um acar e um ou mais fosfatos chamada nucleotdeo. Portanto, o ADN pode ser referido como um polinucleotdeo. [7]
A cadeia principal do ADN formada por fosfato e resduos de acar, dispostos alternadamente. O acar no ADN 2-desoxirribose, uma pentose (acar com cinco carbonos). Os acares so unidos por grupos fosfato que formam ligaes fosfodiester entre o terceiro e quinto tomos de carbono dos anis de acar adjacentes. Estas ligaes assimtricas significam que uma cadeia de ADN tem uma direo. Numa dupla hlice, a direo dos nucleotdeos de uma cadeia oposta direo dos nucleotdeos da outra cadeia. O formato das cadeia do ADN designado antiparalelo. As terminaes assimtricas das cadeias de ADN so designadas terminais 5' (cinco linha) e 3' (trs linha). Uma das diferenas principais entre o ADN e o ARN encontra-se no acar, com a substituio da 2-desoxirribose no ADN pela ribose no ARN.[1]
A dupla hlice do ADN estabilizada por pontes de hidrognio entre as bases presas s duas cadeias. As quatro bases encontradas no ADN so a adenina (A), citosina (C), guanina (G) e timina (T). Estas quatro bases ligam-se ao acar/fosfato para formar o nucleotdeo completo.[1]
Estas bases so classificadas em dois tipos; a adenina e guanina so compostos heterocclicos chamados purinas, enquanto que a citosina e timina so pirimidinas. Uma quinta base (uma pirimidina) chamada uracila (U) aparece no ARN e substitui a timina, a uracila difere da timina pela falta de um grupo de metila no seu anel. A uracila normalmente no est presente no ADN, s ocorrendo como um produto da decomposio da citosina.[1] Excees para esta regra so os fagos AR9, 3NT, I10, bem como o PBS1 (muito utilizado em pesquisas), que contm uracila no seu ADN, em vez de timina.[8]
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