In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the tissues derived from the procambium. These include vascular tissue, in some cases ground tissue (pith) and a pericycle, which, if present, defines the outermost boundary of the stele. Outside the stele lies the endodermis, which is the innermost cell layer of the cortex Continue reading →

Research led by Muhammad Riaz, PhD, Jinkyu Park, PhD, and Lorenzo Sewanan, MD, PhD, from the Qyang and Campbell laboratories at Yale, provides a mechanism to identify abnormalities linked with a hereditary cardiac condition, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), in which walls of the left ventricle become abnormally thick and often stiff. The findings appear in the journal Circulation Continue reading →

In the upper right corner, in basic black dry erase marker, it said, Please do not erase J.F. Continue reading →

The American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) recently published an updated clinical practice guideline for the management of heart failure (HF).1 This 2022 guideline consolidates and replaces the 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/AHA guideline for HF management and its subsequent 2017 focused update, which was developed by the ACC/AHA/HFSA.1,2 As it emphasizes both the importance of applying clinical judgement and a shared decision-making approach, the 2022 guideline outlines management recommendations based upon up-to-date evidence.1 Focusing on HF prevention, management strategies, and implantable devices, the guideline addresses new recommendations for treatments (eg, for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 [SGLT2] inhibitors, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors [ARNIs]), atrial fibrillation (AF) management, management strategies specific to cardiac amyloidosis and cardio-oncology, and the use of left ventricular (LV) assist devices.1 This article reviews key takeaways from the 2022 guideline and summarizes the guidelines new recommendations for SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. The 2022 HF guideline emphasizes the need for primary prevention, which may help mitigate the health and economic burden associated with HF, which is projected to spread to 2.97% of the US population by 2030.1,3 To address this need, guideline authors revised the stages of HF to emphasize those who are at risk, and highlighted the evolving role that structural cardiac changes and biomarkers play in identifying at-risk patients.1 These patients are potential candidates for preventive targeted treatment strategies. Continue reading →

This article originally appeared here. Ants are among the most numerous insects in the world, numbering from 10-100,000 trillion individuals globally with more than 10,000 species Continue reading →