Swiss technology battles fake drugs

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Rudaz helped invent the drug testing machine (swissinfo)

byArmando Mombelli, swissinfo.ch Dec 28, 2012 - 11:00

Counterfeit drugs have become one of the main health problems in developing countries. A device developed by three Swiss universities that identifies fake drugs could save the lives of hundreds of thousands of people worldwide.

The phenomenon of fake drugs reached catastrophic dimensions a long time ago for the inhabitants of the worlds poorest regions, said Claude Rohrbasser, retired head of industrial technology at the College of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg. So several years ago we said to ourselves that with our knowledge and technological possibilities, we could do something to help these people. The Fribourg institute joined forces with the Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmacy to develop a low-cost system that identifies whether a drug is real or fake in just a few minutes. The prototype of the ECB (budget capillary electrophoresis) was unveiled in 2008. The devices on the market cost at least SFr100,000 ($110,000). The ECB is only SFr10,000. For this amount we can find sponsors, whereas for SFr100,000 it would be pretty tricky, said Rohrbasser, now president of Pharmelp, an association created by the initiatives promoters to make the ECB available in developing countries.

Despite its complicated name, the ECB represents probably the easiest and at the same time most efficient solution yet developed to detect and measure organic compounds, as well as drugs, proteins and amino acids. The ECB enables the analysis of 80 per cent of the 200 core medicines identified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Our aim was to develop an instrument that was extremely robust and as simple as possible from a functional point of view. This was to reduce the problem of a lack of spare parts and facilitate the training of staff in the countries where it would be used, said Serge Rudaz, associate professor at Geneva Universitys School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Another advantage of the ECB is that it uses a minimum dose of solvent barely a millionth of a litre per analysis. In recent years, some solvents necessary for this analysis have gone off the market or have undergone major price increases, to the point of becoming unaffordable for health operators in developing countries, Rudaz said.

The analysis takes just 20 minutes on average. First of all the drug is solubilised with water. A small quantity of the substance is set in motion by an electrical pulse (hence the name electrophoresis), then moves along a tube thinner than a hair (hence capillary). Using ultraviolet rays, the device measures the duration of the drugs journey, which is recorded on a normal laptop computer. The ECB cant identify the medicinal composition it verifies whether this duration corresponds to that of the original product. Each drug has its own charge and thus moves at a different speed, Rudaz explained. To date, the institutes have produced around ten ECB devices. The first three are already being used by the national health laboratory in Bamako, Mali, by Dakar University in Senegal and by the health authorities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Other projects are planned in Congo, Ghana and the Ivory Coast.

In these countries, a high percentage of drugs in circulation are counterfeit. In the majority of cases they are completely or partially lacking in the active ingredient listed in the packaging. According to the WHO, these fake drugs are responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people a year around the world, including 200,000 people with malaria. Whats more, for several years increasing numbers of impure drugs have been circulating, coming mostly from Asia. Over the long term, these attack the kidneys were noticing more and more patients in poor countries who need dialysis. The consequences are terrible, given the meagre means available, Rohrbasser said. Two years ago I visited the dialysis centre of the hospital in Bamako. There were ten or so patients lined up on beds. The head doctor told me they would die within a week because there werent any more filters for dialysis. This is another aspect of the problem of fake drugs.

The trafficking of these drugs is tied to the inadequacy of health networks in poorer countries, above all outside the main inhabited centres. Many people get the drugs from travelling salesmen, who move from village to village. Youve also got to bear in mind the tight financial circumstances. In many African countries people will normally buy only one or two pills at a time. And often theyll do this at market, where prices are lower than in pharmacies and hospitals, Rohrbasser said. But the official sales channels arent without problems either. Political instability and war as is the case currently in Mali often obstruct the already precarious control measures for the drugs. But our aim is not to do the job of the police or customs rather its to make available to the authorities, to hospitals and to universities an instrument which can identify fake products, he said. This pragmatism is shared by Serge Rudaz. Theres no way we can solve the problem of counterfeiting in the countries with which were working. But our presence bears witness to the interest of our universities and of Switzerland in tackling the serious problems [these countries] face.

Armando Mombelli, swissinfo.ch (Translated from Italian by Thomas Stephens)

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Swiss technology battles fake drugs