Synthetic Biology For Future Space Exploration

November 8, 2014

Image Caption: First Color Image From Viking Lander 1. Credit: NASA

Provided by Lynn Yarris, Berkeley Lab

Berkeley Lab Scientists Believe Biomanufacturing a Key to Long-term Manned Space Missions

Does synthetic biology hold the key to manned space exploration of the Moon and Mars? Berkeley Lab researchers have used synthetic biology to produce an inexpensive and reliable microbial-based alternative to the worlds most effective anti-malaria drug, and to develop clean, green and sustainable alternatives to gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. In the future, synthetic biology could also be used to make manned space missions more practical.

Not only does synthetic biology promise to make the travel to extraterrestrial locations more practical and bearable, it could also be transformative once explorers arrive at their destination, says Adam Arkin, director of Berkeley Labs Physical Biosciences Division (PBD) and a leading authority on synthetic and systems biology.

During flight, the ability to augment fuel and other energy needs, to provide small amounts of needed materials, plus renewable, nutritional and taste-engineered food, and drugs-on-demand can save costs and increase astronaut health and welfare, Arkin says. At an extraterrestrial base, synthetic biology could make even more effective use of the catalytic activities of diverse organisms.

Arkin is the senior author of a paper in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface that reports on a techno-economic analysis demonstrating the significant utility of deploying non-traditional biological techniques to harness available volatiles and waste resources on manned long-duration space missions. The paper is titled Towards Synthetic Biological Approaches to Resource Utilization on Space Missions. The lead and corresponding author is Amor Menezes, a postdoctoral scholar in Arkins research group at the University of California (UC) Berkeley. Other co-authors are John Cumbers and John Hogan with the NASA Ames Research Center.

One of the biggest challenges to manned space missions is the expense. The NASA rule-of-thumb is that every unit mass of payload launched requires the support of an additional 99 units of mass, with support encompassing everything from fuel to oxygen to food and medicine for the astronauts, etc. Most of the current technologies now deployed or under development for providing this support are abiotic, meaning non-biological. Arkin, Menezes and their collaborators have shown that providing this support with technologies based on existing biological processes is a more than viable alternative.

Because synthetic biology allows us to engineer biological processes to our advantage, we found in our analysis that technologies, when using common space metrics such as mass, power and volume, have the potential to provide substantial cost savings, especially in mass, Menezes says.

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Synthetic Biology For Future Space Exploration